Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.1.
Total efficiency and human-edible efficiency
a
of different livestock production systems.
Total efficiency
Human edible efficiency
Reference
Country
System
Energy
Protein
Energy
Protein
Baldwin
(1984)
USA
Milk
Beef
b
Swine
0.23
0.04
0.23
0.29
0.04
0.38
1.01
0.71
0.58
1.81
1.15
0.86
CAST
(1999)
Kenya
c
Milk
Beef
Swine
Poultry meat
0.07
0.01
0.16
0.23
0.09
0.01
0.10
0.38
NC
d
NC
0.54
0.89
NC
NC
0.39
2.24
South Korea
Milk
0.26
0.19
3.74
14.3
Beef
0.06
0.06
3.34
6.57
Swine
0.20
0.16
0.35
0.51
Poultry meat
0.21
0.34
0.30
1.04
USA
Milk
0.25
0.21
1.07
2.08
Beef
0.07
0.08
0.65
1.19
Swine
0.21
0.19
0.31
0.29
Poultry meat
0.19
0.31
0.28
0.61
Wilkinson
(2011)
UK
Milk
Beef
e
Swine
Poultry meat
0.22
0.03-0.08
0.11
0.22
0.18
0.04-0.12
0.23
0.33
2.13
0.16-0.53
0.16
0.30
1.41
0.33-1.09
0.38
0.48
Dijkstra
(unpub-
lished
results)
Netherlands
Milk
f
Milk; average
3.5
lactations
g
Milk; 1
lactation
Milk; 2
lactations
Milk; 3
lactations
Milk; 6
lactations
0.22
0.19
0.27
0.23
3.57
2.91
4.38
3.38
0.13
0.16
1.89
2.04
0.17
0.20
2.51
2.84
0.18
0.22
2.81
3.24
0.20
0.25
3.15
3.74
a
Total efficiency: output of human-edible energy or protein compared with total energy or protein input with feed;
human-edible efficiency: output of human-edible energy or protein compared with human-edible energy of protein
input with feed.
b
Average of two beef production systems.
c
Data from Kenya presented in Table. Data from other
countries presented by CAST (1999) (Argentina, Egypt and Mexico) are comparable to data from Kenya.
d
Human-
edible returns for Kenya not calculated because human-edible inputs are very low or zero, which would have resulted
in values approaching infinity.
e
Beef systems considered: upland suckler beef; lowland suckler beef; 18-20-month
beef; 'cereal' beef.
f
Assuming dairy cow diet and production characteristics as presented in Bannink
et al
. (2011);
proportion of human-edible energy or protein in concentrates and by-products assumed to be 0.25.
g
Including energy
and protein input with feed required from birth of calf to first lactation. Feed required from birth until first lactation
4500 kg DM with proportion of milk replacer and concentrate 0.19; proportion of human-edible energy or protein in
milk replacer and concentrates 0.42. In the Netherlands, average number of lactations is 3.5 (life time milk production
30,000 kg milk). Efficiency also for cows culled at first lactation (7700 kg milk), second lactation (16,200 kg milk),
third lactation (25,200 kg milk) or sixth lactation (52,200 kg milk).
