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St
Ki
si
Ku
Dm
Tn
Su
Rg
ps
lep
bl
Ru
dr
el
g
ag
ps
Lt
rh
Nd
sa
hm
Y
po
Mn
Tp
sp
hp
ph
co
N
t
ly
Axis 1
cr
ca
pl
pr
dx
h
y
AG
lp
ba
ep
Bl
l
r
br
Bhl
BG
gl
At
Dh
Bh
lm
Nl
Kl
Pn
+
-
1.0
1.0
Fig. 4.5
PCA indicates characteristic taxa in the various
streams of the different basins of the Himalayan region
(acronyms:
At
Atta Gad,
Ag
Amrit Ganga,
Bh
Bhagirathi
(Dharasu),
Bi
Birahi Ganga,
Bhl
Bhilangana,
Bl
Balasuti,
Dd
Dharasu Gad,
Dm
Damar,
Kl
Kaldi Gad,
Ki
Kaidung,
Ku
Kunja,
Lt
Laster,
Mn
Mana,
Nd
Nandakini,
Nl
Nailchami,
Nt
Naitwar,
Pn
Pindar,
Rg
Ramganga,
Ru
Rupin,
Su
Supin,
St
Sitapur,
Tp
Tapovan,
Tn
Tons,
Y
Yamuna;
ag
Agrionidae,
ba
Baetidae,
bl
Blephariceridae,
br
Brachycentridae,
ca
Caenidae,
co
Corydalidae,
cr
Chironomidae,
dx
Dixidae,
dr
Dryopidae,
el
Elmidae,
ep
Ephemerellidae,
gl
Glossosomatidae,
go
Gomphidae,
hp
Heptageniidae,
hem
Hemiptera,
hy
Hydropsychidae,
lp
Leptophlebiidae,
lep
Lepidoptera,
lp
Leptoceridae,
lm
Limnephilidae,
ly
Lymnaeidae,
ph
Philopotamidae,
po
Perlodidae,
pr
Perlidae,
ps
Psephenidae,
pl
Planorbidae,
psy
Psychomyiidae,
rh
Rhyacophilidae,
sp
Siphlonuridae,
si
Simuliidae,
sa
Sialidae)
are characteristic to the forest (oak)-agriculture
land use and forest (pine-oak)-agriculture land
use, respectively. In the Mandakini basin,
Simuliidae is characteristic to the forest (oak)-agri-
culture land use in the Kunja Gad, while none to
the Damar Gad in the forest (pine-oak)-agriculture
land use and forest (oak) land use in the Kaidung
and the Sitapur Gad (Figs.
4.5
,
4.6
, and
4.7
).
The PCA classifi ed the groups of the taxa
among sites/streams/basins, forest and land-use
type. The forest type changes with decreasing
elevation, deodar, oak, pine-oak and pine with
mixed forest type in certain localities. The char-
acteristic taxa are feebly correlated to change in
the forest as well as land-use type because the
area under agriculture is always far too less
than the area under forest. Therefore, the taxa
characteristic to the forest are on most occasions
characteristic to the forest-agriculture land use
also. Similarity among the basins is attributable
to the fact that a large number of locations have
pine forest type. The biome dependency hypoth-
esis (Ross
1963
; Corkum
1989
) predicts that
similar assemblages of macroinvertebrate are
most likely to occur at sites along the rivers, if the
Among the basins, Leptoceridae, Perlodidae,
Hydropsychidae, Psychomyiidae and Heptageniidae
are characteristic taxa to the Ramganga, Alaknanda
and Yamuna basins. Siphlonuridae , Blephariceridae,
Caenidae and Psephenidae are characteristic to
the Pindar basin. Simuliidae, Leptophlebiidae,
Chironomidae, Philopotamidae and Limnephilidae
are characteristic taxa of the Mandakini and
Bhagirathi basins (Fig.
4.8
).
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