Amphibians of Doon Valley (Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand) with Their Systematics, Distribution, Ecology, Conservation Status and Threats - Aquatic Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation - page 217

Elsewhere
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam,
Cambodia; China (including Macao, Taiwan);
Hong Kong; Indo-China, Indonesia (Borneo,
Lombok), Japan, Korea, Lao People's Democratic
Republic, Macao, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka,
Thailand and Viet Nam. Guam (introduced).

shorter than 2nd, sub-articular tubercles distinct
and moderate; toes fully webbed, sub-articular
tubercles prominent; inner metatarsal tubercle
strong, almost equal to inner toe, shovel shaped
with sharp edge; skin with 9-10 longitudinal
glandular folds and warts with white-tipped
spinules above, whitish below; supra-tympanic
fold between eye and shoulder prominent.
Colouration: Olive brown, boldly marked
with black stripes and spots, sometimes with
traces of bright green along on face and sides
and sometimes with a white vertebral line; juve-
niles with a prominent black stripe between tip
of snout and eye.
Sexual Dimorphism: Male with external vocal
sacs which turn black during breeding season.
Size: 13.0 cm in snout to vent length.

Habitat and Ecology
It inhabits most open wet habitat types, including
river fl ood plains, wet agriculture areas such as
ricefi elds, ditches, marshes and other habitats and
in closed-canopy forests. Its breeds in various
wetland habitats.

Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.

Tadpole
Larger, stockier and more bulged belly than that
of Indian Bullfrog, tail obtusely pointed, upper
side more densely spotted, a pale band between
nostril and eye.

Threats
The main threats are the use of agrochemicals,
specifi cally pesticide application in drainage or
wetland areas. Morphological abnormalities,
presumably due to chemical contamination,
have been found in some frogs inhabiting
agro-ecosystems.

Distribution
Altitudinal range from sea level to 600 m.

Remarks
The Fejervarya limnocharis complex is certain
to contain a large number of cryptic species
(Zug et al. 1998 ). A recent study (Sumida et al.
2007 ) provides evidence supporting the notion
that the population from Sri Lanka is a different
species (possibly Fejervarya syhadrensis ) and
that populations from Thailand (Bangkok) and
Japan (Hiroshima) may merit specifi c status.
Genus: Hoplobatrachus Peters, 1863

Localities in Doon Valley
Eastern Doon Valley: Kansro; Lachhiwala;
Motichur and Rajaji National Park ( partim ).

Uttarakhand
Dehra Dun, Pauri and Uttarkashi. Gobind Pashu
Vihar and Rajaji National Park.

India
Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Bihar, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Nagaland, Odisha, Tamil Nadu (Chennai), Uttar
Pradesh (Terai region) and West Bengal.

Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1853)

English Names
Carnatic Peters Frog, Jerdon's Bullfrog and
South Indian Bullfrog.

Elsewhere
Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bhutan and
Myanmar (possibly).

Diagnostic Characters

Habitat and Ecology
A species of seasonally fl ooded dry grasslands,
open plains, cultivated fi elds and dry areas.

Adult
Tympanum distinct, shorter than eye; 1st fi nger