Configure TCP/IP - MCSA Windows Server 2012 R2: Installation and Configuration Study Guide - page 388

In this chapter, I will discuss the most important protocol
used in a Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 network:
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) .
TCP/IP is actually two sets of protocols bundled together: the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). TCP/IP is a suite of protocols developed by
the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1969.
This chapter is divided into two main topics: First I'll talk about TCP/IP version 4,
and then I'll discuss TCP/IP version 6. TCP/IP version 4 is still used in Windows Server
2012 R2, and it was the primary version of TCP/IP in all previous versions of Windows.
However, TCP/IP version 6 is the new release of TCP/IP, and it has been incorporated into
Windows Server 2012 R2.
Understanding TCP/IP
I mentioned that TCP/IP is actually two sets of protocols bundled together: TCP and IP.
These protocols sit on a four-layer TCP/IP model.
Details of the TCP/IP Model
The four layers of the TCP/IP model are as follows (see Figure 8.1):
Application Layer The Application layer is where the applications that use the protocol
stack reside. These applications include File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Trivial File Transfer
Protocol (TFTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
Transport Layer The Transport layer is where the two Transport layer protocols reside.
These are TCP and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is a connection-oriented
protocol, and delivery is guaranteed. UDP is a connectionless protocol. This means that
UDP does its best job to deliver the message, but there is no guarantee.
Internet Layer The Internet layer is where IP resides. IP is a connectionless protocol that
relies on the upper layer (Transport layer) for guaranteeing delivery. Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) also resides on this layer. ARP turns an IP address into a Media Access
Control (MAC) address. All upper and lower layers travel through the IP protocol.
Link Layer The data link protocols like Ethernet and Token Ring reside in the Link layer .
This layer is also referred to as the Network Access layer .