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Chapter 2
Weak and Strong Computational Creativity
Mohammad Majid al-Rifaie and Mark Bishop
Abstract
In the spirit of Searle's definition of weak and strong artificial intelligence,
this paper presents a discussion on weak computational creativity in swarm intelli-
gence systems. It addresses the concepts of
freedom
and
constraint
and their impact
on the creativity of the underlying systems. An analogy is drawn on mapping these
two 'prerequisites' of creativity onto the two well-known phases of exploration and
exploitation in swarm intelligence algorithms, followed by the visualisation of the
behaviour of the swarms whose performance are evaluated in the context of argu-
ments presented. The paper also discusses that the strong computational creativity is
presented in ways emphasising that genuine creativity implies 'genuine understand-
ing' and other cognitive states, along with autonomy—asserting that without 'Strong
Embodiment', computational systems are not genuinely autonomous.
2.1 Introduction
In recent years, studies of the behaviour of social insects (e.g. ants and bees) and
social animals (e.g. birds and fish) have proposed several new metaheuristics for use
in collective intelligence resulting from social interaction.
Among the many works in the fields are research on swarm painting (e.g. [
8
,
26
,
37
,
38
]), ant colony paintings (e.g. [
21
,
25
,
34
]) and other multi-agent systems
(e.g. RenderBots [
32
] and the particle-based non-evolutionary approach of Loose
and Sketchy Animation [
15
]).
In most of the swarm-based work mentioned above (e.g. [
8
,
21
,
26
,
37
,
38
]), the
painting process does not re-work an initial drawing, but rather focuses on presenting
“random artistic patterns”, somewhere between order and chaos [
38
]. Other classes
of research (e.g. by Schlechtweg et al. [
32
] and Curtis [
15
]) are based on reworking
an initial drawing. There is a significant number of related papers in the area of
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