Accounting for Creativity Within a Psychologically Realistic Cognitive Architecture - Computational Creativity Research: Towards Creative Machines - page 156

for convergent and divergent thinking. The results showed the importance of under-
standing how social relationships influenced the creative processes. Relatedly, Tad-
mor et al. [ 37 ] showed that multicultural experience among members of a collective
would enhance joint creativity in a super-additive fashion. The results showed that
in terms of creativity, the social whole might be greater than the sum of its parts.
Correspondingly, CLARION emphasizes modeling and simulating social interac-
tion and social processes in understanding the mind. Social simulation with a cogni-
tive architecture such as CLARION enables the exploration of the mutual influence
of the social and the psychological [ 29 ]. Many different social situations have been
simulated, using CLARION as the model of the individual mind involved in social
interaction. For instance, Naveh and Sun [ 21 ] showed that growth of academic sci-
ence was closely related to not only individual cognitive processes but also social
processes and social institutions. Together they determined the level of creativity of
a society.
Therefore, CLARION provides a comprehensive framework for capturing human
creativity, including its many different aspects and components. Some of these
aspects, such as motivation, emotion, personality, and social interaction, although
downplayed or ignored in many previous theories or models of creativity, may nev-
ertheless be captured and explained within CLARION.
8.7 Conclusion
The work described in this chapter shows how a psychologically realistic cognitive
architecture, namely, CLARION [ 26 , 31 - 33 ], can lead directly to a theory of creative
problem solving (e.g., EII; [ 15 ]). Cognitive architectures such as CLARION gener-
ally integrate many cognitive/psychological mechanisms and processes in order to
produce intelligent behavior in a psychologically realistic way. In the EII theory (as
derived fromCLARION), the key ingredient is the interaction of explicit and implicit
processing. By incorporating both explicit and implicit processing, the EII theory is
able to provide a unified framework for re-interpreting and integrating some impor-
tant (but fragmentary) psychological theories of incubation, insight, and creativity
(see [ 15 ] for details of the re-interpretation and integration).
The EII theory is, however, not complete yet. For instance, it needs to move on to
account for real-world cases of creative problemsolving. Such cases would inevitably
involve motivation, personality, and emotion. Social interaction is also important in
this regard. However, the EII theory is currentlymore complete than previous theories
(especially previous computational theories/models). We have shown that the roles
of motivation, personality, emotion, and social interaction can all be accounted for
within CLARION, and therefore can be added to EII.