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T
G1
t1
t2
t3
t4
selection
point
G1
s1
s2
s3
s4
s5
s6
The
horse
raced
past
the
barn
fell.
G2
u1
u2
u3
u4
u5
u6
u7
v5
v1
v2
v3
v4
T
G2
selection
point
time
Fig. 7.3
Segmentation in IDyOT of the classic garden path sentence, “The horse raced past the barn
fell”. The garden path effect, where a slight cognitive “jolt” is experienced just after the final word is
encountered, was previously mostly accounted for by either backtracking or re-parsing of the input.
In IDyOT, the explanation is that the incorrect meaning is replaced in conscious awareness very
quickly—more quickly than in normal processing—and it is this very brief information overload
that causes the perceived effect. Labels in this figure are as in Fig.
7.2
, except for
Gi
which denote
the generators following the two paths and
T
Gi
which illustrate the information-theoretic signals
output by the generators
arising from overloading of a single sound-word,
/pA:st/
in IPA,
10
with two lexical
forms, “passed” and “past”. It is to be expected that intonation, representable within
IDyOT's data structures, will play an important role here, and this will be a focus of
future experimentation.
In order to produce semantic representations from this parsing process, it is nec-
essary to include in the learning process representations of semantic interpretations,
in the style of Eshghi et al. [
11
]. Much as infants learn the meaning of words by
association, guided by parental gaze and co-attended hand movements [
4
], IDyOT
grounds its meanings by means of association between semantic symbols and the
corresponding surface form. These associations can be represented straightforwardly
in the viewpoint framework [
8
], and therefore require no extra mechanism in IDyOT.
Underlying the distillation of structure, and thence meaning, by multilevel statisti-
cal prediction, as illustrated in Fig.
7.2
, is the continuous representation of perceptual
10
The International Phonetic Alphabet is used in dictionaries to specify a standard pronunciation
of each word. Good dictionaries contain an explanation of the symbols in terms of the relevant
language. IPA versions used here are taken from Apple's UK English dictionary.
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