Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
References
important for the design and control of biological
reactors. Another area of study scope lies with
isolated and purified microbial enzymes and the
focus lie on investigation of production strate-
gies such as recombinant expression in another
organism.
Abadulla E, Tzanov T, Costa S, Robra KH, Cavaco-Paulo
A, Gbitz GM (2000) Decolorization and detoxifica-
tion of texile dyes with
laccase
from
Trametes hirsute
.
Appl Environ Microbiol 66:3357-3362
Aksu Z, Sag Y, Kutsal T (1992) The biosorption copper
(II) by
C. vulgaris
and
Z. ramigera
. Environ Technol
13:579-586
Arana A, Roda A, T￩llez A, Loera O, Carbajo JM, Terrn
MC, et al (2004) Comparative analysis of
laccase-iso-
zymes
patterns of several related Polyporaceae species
under different culture conditions. J Basic Microbiol
44:79-87
Baldrian P (2006) Fungal
laccases
-occurrence and prop-
erties. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30:215-242
Bally R, Thomas-Bauzon D, Heulin T, Balandreau J,
Richard C, De-Ley J (1983) Determination of the most
frequent N
2
fixing bacteria in the rice rhizosphere. Can
J Microbiol 29:881-887
Bayramoglu G, Bektas S, Arica MY (2003) Biosorption
of heavy metal ions on immobilized white-rot fungus
Trametes versicolor
. J Hazard Mater 101:285-300
Bourbonnais R, Paice MG (1992) Demethylation and
delignification of kraft pulp by Trametes versi-
color laccase in the presence of 2,2
ʹ
-azinobis-(3-
ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate). Appl Environ
Microbiol 36:823-827
Bourbonnais R, Paice MG, Reid I, Lanthier P, Yagu-
chi M (1995) Lignin oxidation by
laccase
isozymes
from Trametes versicolor and role of the mediator
2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) in
kraft lignin depolymerization. Appl Environ Micro-
biol 61:1876-1880
Bourbonnais R, Paice MG, Freiermuth B, Bodie E, Bor-
neman S (1997) Reactivities of various mediators and
laccases
with kraft pulp and lignin model compounds.
Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4627-1632
Breen A, Singleton FL (1999) Fungi in lignocellulose
breakdown and biopulping. Curr Opin Biotechnol
10:252-258
Bressler DC, Fedorak PM, Pickard MA (2000) Oxidation
of carbazole, N-ethylcarbazole, fluorene, and dibenzo-
thiophene by the laccase of
Coriolopsis gallica
. Bio-
technol Lett 22:1119-1125
Carliell CM, Barclay SJ, Naidoo N, Buckley CA, Mulhol-
land DA, Senio E (1995) Microbial decolourization of
a reactive azo dye under anaerobic conditions. Water
SA 21:61-69
Claus H (2003) Laccases and their occurrence in prokary-
otes. Arch Microbiol 179:145-150
Claus H (2004) Laccases: structure, reactions, distribu-
tion. Micron 35:93-96
Clifford DA (1999) Ion exchange and inorganic adsorp-
tion, In: Letterman RD (ed), Water quality and treat-
ment, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
2.9
Conclusion
Ethanol manufacture from molasses based in-
dustries generates large volumes of high strength
wastewater, which is of serious environmental
concern. It is estimated that in a large scale unit
approximately 0.2 million L of molasses spent
wash (MSW) is generated each day. The main
source of wastewater generation is the distilla-
tion step wherein large volumes of dark brown
effluent (termed as spent wash) is generated in
the temperature range of 71-81 ﾰC. This spent
wash is dark brown colored polluting stream and
contains practically all unfermentable soluble
matter apart from the extremely high COD and
BOD load. This dark color is mainly imparted
by melanoidin, that are low and high molecu-
lar weight polymers formed as one of the final
products of Maillard reaction. This colored
waste stream contains highly toxic and recalci-
trant compounds and when released untreated in
any nearby water stream causes eutrophication
and blocks the sunlight (due to color), ultimately
creating a toxic environment to the aquatic biota.
Therefore, a comprehensive treatment strategy
is required for decolorization and detoxification
of distillery spent wash before its disposal into
the environment. Compared to the common and
expensive physical or chemical ways for decol-
orization, an efficient bioremediation system has
been found successful through biosorption and
enzymatic ways of decolorization. However,
pollution from distillery effluents is a complex
environmental problem; its permanent solution
will require comprehensive system consider-
ations as well as multidisciplinary and holistic
approaches.
Search WWH ::
Custom Search