SMART MATERIALS—MATERIALS THAT ADAPT TO CHANGING CONDITIONS - Chemistry: Notable Research and Discoveries - page 131

(1781-1868) mathematically describes the altera-
tion in electrical properties of Rochelle salt with a
change in temperature.

1 British researcher James Joule (1818-89) discovers

the magnetostrictive effect in a sample of iron that
changes length in response to a magnetic field.

10 Frenchman Jacques Curie (1856-1941) and his

younger brother Pierre (1859-1906) discover pi-
ezoelectricity. (Pierre Curie would go on to make
many other discoveries and marry Marie, a Polish
scientist, who also became famous.)

190 American inventors Orville Wright (1871-1948)

and Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) make the first
sustained flight in North Carolina with an airplane
controlled by warping the wings.

19 Swedish researcher Arne Olander observes a gold-

cadmium alloy that can be bent while cool but re-
turns to its original shape after heating—a shape-
memory alloy.

19 Willis M. Winslow, an engineer and inventor, files

a U.S. patent that includes the first description of
an electrorheological fluid.

19 Jacob Rabinow, a researcher at the National Bu-

reau of Standards (since renamed as the National
Institute of Standards and Technology), discovers
the magnetorheological effect.

19 William J. Buehler and his colleagues at the Naval

Ordnance Laboratory in White Oak, Maryland, de-
scribe the shape-memory alloy known as nitinol.

19 William H. Armistead and Stanley D. Stookey, re-

searchers at Corning Glass Works in New York,