The common monkey of Southeast Asia:Long-tailed macaque populations, ethnophoresy, and their occurrence in human environments - Monkeys on the Edge - page 6

Table 1.1. Reported habitat types inhabited by
long-tailed macaques

Bamboo forest Mangrove forest

Beach Mixed forest

Broadleaf forest Montane forest

Coastal regions Primary forest

Deciduous forest Rain forest

Dipterocarpel forest Riverine

Dry forest Rocky shores

Edge habitats Scrub forest

Evergreen forest Secondary forest

Grassland Semideciduos forest

Hills Submontane forest

Islands Swamp forest

Lowland forest Tropical forest

and more regions across Asia. It will be imperative to better assess how much
of the long-tailed macaque population is actually residing in human settle-
ments and repair the striking gap in our knowledge about the population-level
characteristics of this supposedly common and well-understood monkey.

Habitat preferences

Long-tailed macaques are found in a wide variety of habitats including man-
grove, rainforest, swamp, coastal, tropical, deciduous, evergreen, scrub, river-
ine, and secondary forests (Fooden, 2006 ) ( Table 1.1 ) . They are not equally
distributed in these environments and long-tailed macaques are most commonly
found along forest edges, especially in swamp forests and riverine habitats or
on the edges of disturbed habitats (Bismark, 1991 ; Bismark, 1992 ; Chivers
and Davies, 1978; Crockett and Wilson, 1980 ; Fittinghoff and Lindburg, 1980 ;
Gurmaya et al ., 1994 ; McConkey and Chivers, 2004 ; van Schaik et al ., 1996 ;
Suaryana et al ., 2000 ; Supriatna et al ., 1996 ). The most recent surveys of long-
tailed macaques in Sumatra and Kalimantan indicate they may be less abundant
in lowland and montane forests (Yanuar et al ., 2009 ), and in swamp forests are
difficult to find beyond 1 km from river edges (Gumert et al ., 2010).
Anthropogenic land-use generates large amounts of forest edge, and being
an edge species, long-tailed macaques are already well adapted for exploiting
the fragmented forests created by current human land development. Not surpris-
ingly, long-tailed macaques are commonly reported to inhabit the edges of a var-
iety of anthropogenic environments (Fuentes, 2006 ; Fuentes et al ., 2008 , Hadi,