Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
three attempts of which two were successful. We also noted thirteen assumed
or observed emigrations by adolescent males and one by an adult male. This
suggests that there is potential gene flow between populations of macaques
in south-central Bali. Elsewhere we propose a model for the appearance
and maintenance of gene flow across many of the macaque groups despite
high human density on the island of Bali (Fuentes
et al
.,
2005
; Lane
et al
.,
2010).
Range use and inter-group dominance
Wheatley reports his group 1 dominant to group 2 and group 2 dominant to
group 3 in 1986-1990, however by 1992 group 2 regularly displaced both
groups 1 and 3 from preferred sites (Wheatley,
1999
). This reflects the situ-
ation during 1999-2002, with group 2 frequently displacing the other groups.
In 1998 groups 2 and 3 displaced each other equally. This further suggests the
possibility that the Wheatley's and our groups may be the same.
The pattern of inter-group dominance suggests that group size is a key factor
in achieving access to desired areas (see
Table 6.2
). As reported by Wheatley
(
1999
) we also observed single males, or a few young males, from one group
(usually group 2) displacing entire other groups. However, in inter-group con-
flicts where a number of individuals were involved adult females and adult
males (usually high ranking) appeared at the forefront of the displacement
activities. The locus of inter-group dominance activities remains similar across
the two studies with both Wheatley (
1999
) and this study reported the majority
of inter-group displacements occurred in areas where the majority of provi-
sioning occurred.
Activity patterns and feeding/provisioning
General activity patterns in the Padangtegal population are by and large simi-
lar to other
M. fascicularis
groups in Asia (both free and semi-free-ranging).
At Padangtegal, male and female activity patterns are similar for the behaviors
recorded except that females engage in friendly affiliative contact with other
individuals and hold infants more often than do males. Males, alternatively,
rest significantly more frequently than females. Given the basic distribution of
individuals in a macaque group and the relative adult sex ratios it is not sur-
prising that females are more frequently in contact with other individuals than
are males.
