Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
maternal infanticide). The infant died three days after birth. We also suspect
that at least two additional infant deaths were related to females taking infants
from their mothers, but cannot rule out infant illness or congenital disorders.
Object manipulation
Object manipulation is common in the population at Padangtegal and has been
observed at other macaque sites in Bali (i.e., Alas Kedaton, Uluwatu, Pulaki,
Sangeh, and Bedugal) where the macaques also have frequent interaction with
humans (Fuentes et al ., 2005 ). Object manipulation observed includes stone
play (i.e., stone stacking and general use in play), the use of stones to acquire
foods, use of leaves to groom other individuals, multi-object rubbing, and food
washing.
All age/sex classes were observed to manipulate objects, with adoles-
cent males and immatures being the only class to manipulate objects more
than expected. Non-food items were manipulated significantly more often
than food items. There was no significant difference between manipulated
food items being eaten or not eaten. Approximately 82 percent of all items
manipulated were not eaten (Truce and Fuentes, 2002 ). There were signifi-
cant differences in the frequency of manipulation styles between the age/sex
classes and between food and non-food items. Non-food items were rubbed
on the ground and pounded more often than food items, while food items were
rubbed between the actor's hands more often than non-food items (Truce and
Fuentes, 2002 ).
Discussion
These results can be compared to data reported by Wheatley ( 1999 ) from his
research on this population between 1986 and 1992 to provide an overview of
the longest study of semi-free-ranging Macaca fascicularis groups at a highly
anthropogenic site.
Demographics
Ranging patterns reported by Wheatley ( 1999 ) for the three groups suggest that
his groups 1-3 may be the same as groups 1-3 in this study, however given the
lack of monitoring during 1993-1997 we cannot be sure of this. If these are the
same groups as Wheatley's, then between 1992 and 1998 group 1 decreased in
Search WWH ::




Custom Search