Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
temple staff found their bodies. One adult male is known to have emigrated
from the site during this time as well. Between 2000 and 2002 only three ado-
lescent males were confirmed to have left the population. We observed three
immigration attempts by males from outside of population, two of which were
successful. We also observed three inter-group transfers by males and one by
a female at the site.
Range use
As of 2002 the macaques at Padangtegal used approximately 24.3 ha of area,
including the temple and temple forest proper ( Figure 6.1 ). Each group used
all areas within the ~7 ha temple and temple forest (i.e., 100 percent overlap
in areas used over the five-year observation period). However, groups were
rarely in the same area at the same time. Groups 2 and 3 consistently displaced
group 1 (i.e., the smallest group) within the temple forest area. Groups 2 and
3 had variable dominance interactions across the five year study, with group 2
displacing group 3 in over 70 percent of observed inter-group displacements
since 2000. Over 90 percent of the inter-group displacements occurred at the
central area of the temple forest (i.e., main tourist location) or the plaza area
on the west side of the main temple (i.e., secondary tourist area). Temple staff
provided provisions for the macaques at both locations. Other inter-group dis-
placements took place in the forest area just south of the main temple and in
the graveyard in the eastern portion of the temple forest.
Outside of the temple forest area group 1 used the roadside forest and the
riparian growth up to 200 m away from the eastern forest edge along the main
road. Group 2 used the southern rice fields and the northwestern rice fields and
riparian forest up to 300 m away from the temple forest proper. Group 3 used
areas southwest, west and northwest of the forest proper. Although area usage
varied across years and seasons, group 1 had a range averaging approximately
7.2 ha, group 2 had a range of approximately 11 ha, and group 3 ranged across
17 ha.
Activity patterns
Across the four study periods in which activity data are available (1999-
2002) adult male and adult female macaques exhibited similar behavioral
patterns. Figure 6.2 shows the per-scan frequency of thirteen activity categor-
ies as mean values across 1999-2002 for the combined categories of adult
males and adult females. Females huddled (including sit in contact) with
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