Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
annually collected group composition, diet, ranging, and general activity data
across the 1999-2002 study periods resulting in 1,568 hours of behavioral activ-
ity data. Dominance ranks for adult males and females were calculated annually
from approach-retreat interactions (i.e., displacements), the results of aggressive
contests and priority of access to resources (i.e., provisioned food and favored
resting sites). Over 500 hours of additional data from affiliated projects related to
diet, copulatory behavior, object rubbing, temple licking, intestinal parasites, and
wounding patterns were also collected and their results are reported elsewhere
(Arta Putra
et al
.,
2001
; Emel
et al
.,
2001
; Fraver
et al
.,
2001
;
Kriswiyanti and
Watiniasih,
1999
; Loudon
et al
.,
2002
; Suartha
et al
., 2002; Suaryana
et al
.,
2000
;
Truce and Fuentes,
2002
; Velucci
et al
.,
2000
; Welch
et al
.,
2001
). In addition to
the behavioral data, Universitas Udayana Pusta Kajian Primata staff and mem-
bers of the Padangtegal Wanara Wana management staff collected 46 months of
general demographic data between 1998 and 2002.
Observers were trained in age/sex class recognition of the macaques and
utilized a modified behavioral checklist. Individually known adult macaques
were assigned sex and number indicators (M1 for male number 1, for example)
which remained consistent across the data collection periods. Females were
termed adult when they reached approximately 3.5 years old (85-90 percent
adult body size). Males were initially added to the identified individuals list
at age five (~80 percent adult body size) but termed adolescent until approxi-
mately age six to seven (i.e., time of full canine eruption and testicular size).
General behaviors were recorded on customized record sheets during 20-minute
focal follows, at one-minute intervals, using the naked eye and binoculars to
facilitate observation. A scan sample method with a customized behavior rep-
ertoire was used (Altmann, 1974; Dolhinow, 1978). Only identified individuals
who had more than three hours of follows per six-week observation period
were included in behavioral data analysis. All data collectors were tested as
exceeding 90 percent inter-observer reliability in data recording with project
PIs before initiating sample collection. Video and still image records were
made of adult animals and specific behaviors at the Padangtegal site annually
between 1999 and 2002.
Results
Demographic patterns
Table 6.1
shows the population changes from 1986, 1990-1992 (from
Wheatley,
1999
) and from 1998-2002 (this study). The data since 1998 include
changes in group size. Although Wheatley (
1999
) provides group sizes they are
