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and makes it difficult to understand the evolutionary history of macaques.
Moreover, inexperienced and unplanned contraceptive operations, such as
castration of adult male monkeys, may actually cause more problems in the
future than they solve in the present.
Management and conservation plans will require cooperation from various
groups, including primatologists, veterinarians, local residents, conservation-
ists, governmental agencies, and NGO's. Educational programs are needed to
raise awareness in the public, government, and conservation sectors. Education
will need to focus on population management and controlling human inter-
action with long-tailed macaques. Particular emphasis will need to be placed on
lobbying to the Thai government for initiating macaque management programs
that will decrease macaque overpopulation and alleviate human-macaque con-
flict, while also protecting and maintaining a healthy long-tailed macaque
population. Specific strategies initially should include 1 controlling provision-
ing, 2. preventing the translocation of macaques, 3. developing well-managed
contraception programs, 4. curbing pet release, and 5. seeking government-
level protection for populations with unique characteristics. Therefore, the
conservation and management plan for Thai long-tailed macaques will require
a multi-faceted solution that is unique to the needs of Thailand's people and
macaques.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Thailand Research Fund (grant numbers
RSA/02/2545 and RMU4880019), the Biodiversity Research and Training
Program (BRT), Chulalongkorn University (Grant for the Primate Research
Unit), the Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Thailand
(grant no. CHE-RG-01), and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science
(grant numbers 1645017 and 2025506).
References
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Chalise, M. K. and Johnson, R. L. 2005. Farmer attitudes toward the conservation
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