Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Method
Soils suitable for treatment
Uses
Comments
Freezing: ammonium and
All types of saturated soils and rock
Formation of ice in void spaces
Treatment is effective from a working surface
brine refrigerant
stops groundwater flow
outward. Better for large applications of long
duration. Treatment takes longer time to develop
Freezing: liquid nitrogen
All types of saturated soils and rock
Formation of ice in void spaces
Better for small applications of short duration
refrigerant
stops groundwater flow
where quick freezing is required. Liquid nitrogen
is expensive and requires strict site control. Some
ground heave could occur
Diaphragm structural walls:
All soil types including those
Deep basements, underground
Can be designed to form a part of the permanent
structural concrete
containing boulders
construction, and shafts
foundation. Particularly efficient for circular
excavations. Can be keyed into rock. Minimum
vibration and noise. Can be used in restricted
space. Also can be installed very close to the exist-
ing foundation
Diaphragm structural walls:
All soil types, but penetration
Deep basements, underground
A type of diaphragm wall that is rapidly installed.
bored piles or mixed-in-
through boulders may be difficult
construction, and shafts
Can be keyed into impermeable strata such as clays
place piles
and costly
or soft shales
Sources:
NAVFAC DM-7.2 (1982), based on the work by Cashman and Harris (1970).
